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P H O E N I X
EDITION 02
EDITION
02
am-K-ko-³- 2022
NndIpIfnÂ
hn-]n-³- -tPmkv -
:
F-Untägvkv -thmbvkv, I-h-À-kv-tämdn
Kn-co-jv Pn-.
:
kn-\n-ams¡m«-I_n-Pn-c-a-W-³-
:
h-N-\m-ar-Xw
do-K-Â- am-Xyp-
:
A-½-, -tamlw- (I-hn-X-)
-ssje-P- : I-Yjn-_p- : B-À-«n-¡n-Ä
-tPmPn-³- a-¯m-bn-
:
bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-Wweq-kn- Fw-. F
:
-I-hn-XsI.hn-. -tbml-¶m-³-
:
C-¶v Rm-³-, \msf \o- (I-Y-)
P-b-e-£van- kp-\o-]v
:
\-ap-¡v Nn-cn-¡mw- ]q-¡tfmSpw- ]q-¼m-ä-ItfmSpwB-imtZhn-. hn-.
:
a-\p-jym-bp-kpw- D-Åp-e-bv¡p-¶- _-Ô-§-fpwcm-Po-hv Sn-. - -
:
shfn-¨-am-W-¨-³- (I-hn-X-)
-tUmÎ-À- -thmbn-kv
:
BtcmKywAtajv hn-.Un-. -
:--
I-Y
c-a-W-³- - -
:
t{Umbn-Mv
h-À-j- c-a-W-³
:
Hm-À-½-bn-Â- hn-Zym-e-bw- (I-hn-X-)
eo-e-
:
A-g-Ipw- BtcmKy-hpw- A-Sp-¡-ft¯m«-¯n-eqsS
-tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW-³
:
H-ä-aq-en-I-Ä
tZh-e-£van-
:
A-W-b-cp-Xv C-\nsbmcp- Ip-ªn-¸p-©n-cn- t_m«n-Â- B-À-«v
Pq-Uv -sP. Im-fm-c-³-
:
a-§n-b- Im-gvN-I-Ä- I-ïp-a-Spt¯m ? ]-cn-lm-c-ap-ïv
F-bv©-Â- tPmÀ-Öv
:
A-½- ]-Tn-¸n-¨-Xv (I-hn-X-)
B-eo-kv a-¯m-bn-
:
s]bv-sXmgn-bmsX (I-Y-)
tZho-Ir-jvW- : ]-gwsNmÃp-I-Äh-cp-¬- c-a-W-
:
t_m«n-Â- B-À-«v , -t{Umbn-Mv
A-ar-X- jm-Pn- -
:
ip-`-Nn-´- (I-hn-X-)
]m-N-Iw-
:
I-e- F-kv., kÔy- jn-_p-, kw-Ko-X
en-b- F-kv am-Xyp
:
_yq-«n-Sn-]vkv
Ip-«n-¯m-c-§-Ä
B-Zn-Xy-³- Atajv, tZhn-\-µ-\, s^À-Wmtïm- , km-³-kn-b-, kntbmW-, do-K-Â-, A-ssZzXv
^o-\n-Ivkv
"bp-h-À'- {^-ïvkv 94þ96 _m-¨v, -tNÀ-¯-e-
t]Pv 01
F-Untägvkv -thmbvkv
hn-]n-³- tPmkv A-À-¯p-¦-ÂNo-^v F-Un-ä-À-
{]n-bs¸«-htc,
\n-§sfbpw- ^n-\n-Ivkv Nn-d-Inteäp-I-bm-Wv. _-e-lo-\-X-bn-Â]-gn-]-d-bmsX IqsS¸-d-¶- \n-§-Ä-, A-Â-¸w-Iq-Sn- I-cp-¯p- -t\
Sn-bt¸mÄ- ^n-\n-Ivkns\ -ssIhn-«p-I-f-bnsö- D-d-¸p-ïv.
a-g-hn-Â-¨n-Ã-bn-Â- -sX-sÃm¶p- hn-{i-an-¨tijw- ^n-\n-Ivkv
ho-ïpw- Nn-d-I-Sn-¨p-b-cp-I-bm-Wv. -s]bv-sXmgn-ª- a-g-IÄ-¡pw- -s]mgn-ªp-ho-W- a-ªp-I-W-§-Ä-¡pw- ho-in-b- At¸mÄ-, H-cn-¡-Â-¡q-Sn- \-ap-¡v H-¶n-¨p- ]-d-¡mw-. H-cn-¡-epw- m-\m-hm-¯- \o-em-Im-i§
- Ä
- - C-\n-bpw- \-ap-¡p- _m-¡nSn-¨- Im-än-\pw- D-Åw- -s]mÅn-¨p- I-S-¶pt]mb- -shbn-en-\‑pw- I-ïp-Xo-À¡
bmW
tÃm.
^n-\n-Ivkn-sâ D-b-Às¯gpt¶Â-¸p- X-S-bm-³- I-gn-ªn-Ã-.
AsXmcp- A-\n-hm-cy-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p-.
kv-t\l-]q-À-Æw]-d-¶p-b-cm-\p-Å- B-Zy-{i-a-¯n-Â- Nn-d-Ip-I-Ä-¡v I-cp-¯p- Ip-d- hn-]n-³- -tPmkv, No-^v F-Un-ä-À-.
hm-bn-cp-¶p-. Im-ep-I-Ä-¡v i-àn-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-. Xq-h-ep-I-Ä-¡v
I-®©
- n-¸n-¡p-¶- hm-À®
- s¸men-ab
- n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-. BsIbp-ïm-bnNo-^v F-Un-ä-Àcp-¶X
- m-Is«, \o-em-Im-i¯
- n-\p-a¸
- p-dw- N-{I-hm-f§
- f- n-Â- D-d¸
- m-bpw-tN-t¡dm-³- I-gn-bpw- F-¶- A-Xn-cn-Ãm-¯- B-ß-hn-i-zm-kw- am-{Xw-.
hn-]n-³- -tPmkv A-À-¯p-¦-ÂF-¶m-Â- C-¶v A-§s\b-Ã-. kvYn-Xn-K-Xn-I-Ä- -sa¨s¸«p-. Gsd
I-ãs¸«v, A-\m-bm-kam-bn-«sæn-Â-¡q-Sn- B-{K-ln-¨- e-£y¯n-\-cn-Inse¦n-epw- F-¯m-³- I-gn-ª-Xn-sâ B-Xva-hn-i-zmkw- ]-I-À-¶p-X-¶- -sNdp-X-Ãm-¯- D-Ä-¡-cp-¯p-ïv ^n-\n-Ivkn-\v.
Nn-d-Ip-I-Ä- I-cp-¯p-ä-Xm-bn-. D-d-¨p-\n-Â-¡m-³- {]m-]vX-am-Ip-¶-hn[w- Im-ep-I-Ä- i-àn-bm-À-Ön-¨p-. Bscb‑pw- B-I-À-jn-¡p-am-dv
Xq-h-ep-I-Ä-¡v `w-Kn- -ssIh-¶p-.
C-\n- A-Xn-cn-Ãm-¯- B-Im-iw- e-£yw- I-ïv a-Xn-bmthmfw- Nn-d-I-Sn¨p-bm-cmw-. D-bsc\n-¶p-Å- Im-gvNI
- Ä
- - Im-Wm-\pw- B-kz-Zn-¡m-\p‑ w-
^o-\n-Ivkv
"bp-h-À'- {^-ïvkv 94þ96 _m-¨v, -tNÀ-¯-e-
F-Untägvkv
doKÂ amXyp
P-b-e-£van- kp\o-]vKncojv Pn
tPmk^v a-¯m-bn- (tPmPn-³)am-K-kn-³ Un-ssk\À
kptcjvh-b-em-À
t]Pv 01
IhÀtÌmdn
hn-]n-³- tPmkv A-À-¯p-¦-ÂNo-^v F-Un-ä-À-
a-Wn-In-ep-¡n- h-cp-¶-
A-©tem«-¡m-c-³(Postman)
C-¶v -temI-X-¸m-Â- Zn-\-hpw- \‑msf
tZio-b- X-¸m-Â- Zn-\-hpw- HtcmÀ-½-¡p-dn-¸v.
]-ïv \-½psS \m-«nse t- ]mkvävam-\v H-cp- t- ]cp-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. "A©
- tem«-¡m-c³
- "- .
A- ¶ s¯ - t ]mkv - t äm^o- k p- I sf "A- © - Â - B- ¸ o- k v " F- ¶ m- W v
]-d-ªn-cp-¶-Xv. -t]‑mkvävams\ A-©-Â- in-]m-bn- F-¶pw-. A-©-Â- B-¸okn-Â- h-cp-¶- I-¯p-I-fpw- ]‑m-À-kep-I-fpw- Zqscbp-Å- -taÂ-hn-em-k¡m-c\v Ir-Xy-ka-b-¯v F-¯n-¡m-\m-bn- A-©-Â- in-]m-bn- -thK-¯n-Â- H-cp- {]
tXyI- co-Xn-bn-em-Wv \-S-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu- \-S-¸p- I-ïm-Â- Hm-«-amsW-t¶ -tXm¶q-.
A-Xn-\m-em-Wv A-©-Â- in-]m-bn- -sb A-©tem«-¡m-c-³- F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.
A-©-Â- B-¸o-kp-Isf A-©-Â- X-d-I-Ä- F-¶pw- hn-fn-¨n-cp-¶p-. I-¯p-I-Ä-tiJ-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v A-§m-Sn-¡-Sp-¯v A-©-Â- -s]«n-I-Ä- kvYm-]n-¨n-cp-¶p-.
Im-¡n-bp-Sp-¸pw- ap-ïp-am-bn-cp-¶p- A-©-Â- in-]m-bn-am-cpsS -thjw-. X-e-bn-ÂIm-¡n- Xp-Wn-I-Ä- -sImïp-Å- -sI«pw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. -ssI¿n-Â- \m-ep- a-Wn-I-Ä-sI«n-b- A-©-Â- Ip-´w- ]n-Sn-¨n-«p-ïm-hpw-. kp-c-£- Iq-Sn- e-£yw- -sh¨m-Wv.
A-©-Â- Ip-´wsImïp- \-S-¡p-¶-Xv.Cu- Ip-´-¯nsâ ap-³-h-iw- \-Ã- aq-À-¨-
^o-\n-Ivkv
"bp-h-À'- {^-ïvkv 94þ96 _m-¨v, -tNÀ-¯-e-
t]Pv 01
bp-Å- B-bp-[w-L-Sn-¸n-¨n-«p-ïm-hpw-. Im-«n-eqsSbp-Å- k©m-c¯n-Â- Im-«- Po-hn-IÄ
- - Hm-Sn- t- ]mhm-³- t- hïn-bm-Wv Ip-´¯
- n-Â- a-WnL-Sn-¸n-¨-Xv. cm-{Xn-bn-Â- Nq-«p- I-¯n-¨m-Wv in-]m-bn- am-À- Hm-Sp-¶-Xv.
H-cp- in-]m-bn- B-dp- \m-gn-I- Zq-cw- Hm-Sn- X-¸mse¯n-¡-Ww-.BZq-cw- I-gn-ªm-Â- A-Sp-¯- A-©tem«-¡m-cs\ I-¯p-I-fpsS
`m-WvUw- G-Â-]n-¡-Ww-.A-©tem«-¡m-c-³- Hm-Sn- h-cpt¼mÄh-gn- am-dn- -sImSp-¡m-³- a-äp-h-gn- bm-{X-¡m-À- _m-[y-kvY-cm-Wv.
tIcf-¯n-Â- B-Zy-am-bn- A-©-Â- A-Y-hm- X-]m-Â- h-Ip-¸v \n-e-hn-Âh-¶-Xv Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-em-bn-cp-¶p-. 1790em-Wv A-©-ensâ Xp-S¡w-. B-Zy-Im-e-§-fn-Â- A-©-Â- h-Ip-¸nsâ tkh-\w- kÀ-¡m-cn-\v
am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p-. kÀ-¡m-cn-\p-Å- I-¯p-I-Ä- -sIm«-c-¯nte¡p-Åkm-[-\- km-a-{Kn-I-Ä-, {io- ]-ß-\m-`t£{X-¯nte¡p-Å]‑q-hp-I-Ä-, \m-«n-³- ]p-d-¯p- \n-¶p- h-cp-¶- ]-¨-¡-dn-I-ÄC-h- F-¯n-¡m-\m-bn-cp-¶p- A-©-Â- h-Ip-¸v cq-]o-I-cn-¨-Xv.
1860-Â- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-Â- \m-«p-Im-cpsS I-¯p-I-Ä- hn-X-c-Ww-sN¿m-³- A-©-Â- h-Ip-¸v apt¶m«p-h-¶p-.-tIW-Â- a-¬tdm
Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-Â- {_n-«o-jv d-kn-U-ïm-bn-cp-¶- Im-e-¯m-Wv
A-©Â
- - h-Ip-¸nsâ tkh-\w- s- ]mXp-P\
- §
- Ä
- ¡
- pw- e-`y-am-¡n-bX
- v.
1854 - HtÎm: H-¶n-\m-Wv {_n-«o-jv `-c-W-¯nsâ Io-gn-Â- `m-cXsam«p-¡v X-¸m-Â- k{¼-Zm-bw- \n-e-hn-Â- h-¶-Xv. A-¶p- apX-Â- hntZit¯¡p-Å- X-¸m-ep-I-fpw- a-äpw- -sdbn-Âth
h-gn-bm-bpw- I-¸-Â- aptJ\-bpw- A-b-¨p-Xp-S-§n-. 1774-Â- hmd-³- -tlmkvän-Mvkv I-Â-¡-¯- P-\-d-Â- -t]‑mkv-täm^o-kv
kvYm-]‑n-¨p-. A-Xnsâ ]n-¶mse a-Zn-cm-in-bn-epw- -t_mws_
bn-epw- P-\-d-Â- -t]mkv-täm^n-kp-I-Ä- \n-e-hn-Â- h-¶p-.1837-Â- `m-cXsam«p-¡pw- -t]mkv-täm^o-kv B-Îv A-\p-kcn-¨v X-¸m-Â- kväm-¼pI-Ä- C-d-§n-. 1892 em-Wv -sIm¨n-bn-Â- B-Zy-am-bn- kväm-¼n-d-¡n-b-Xv.
1791-Â- s- Im¨n-bn-Â- A-©Â
- - k{¼-Zm-bw- \-S¸
- n-ems‑b¦n-epw- 1885emWv kz-Im‑-cy- hy-àn-I-Ä- A-b-¡p-¶- I-¯p-I-fpw- a-äpw- -ssIImcyw- -sNbvXp- Xp-S-§n-b-Xv.
(I-S-¸m-Sv )
^o-\n-Ivkv
"bp-h-À'- {^-ïvkv 94þ96 _m-¨v, -tNÀ-¯-e-
t]Pv 01
jn-_p- F-{_-lmw-tNÀ-¯-e-
-sshZyp-Xn-
D-]tb‑mK¯nse
-sicnsXäp-I-Ä-
-sshZyp-Zn- (Electricity) C-¶v \-½psS Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- hm-bphpw-, -shÅ-hpw- -t]m-se \-½p-¡v A-Xy-´mt]£n-X-am-bH-cp-L-S-Iw- B-bn- am-dn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-. D-]tbmKn-¡pt¼mÄ\-½p-¡v C-¶pw- A-dn-ªp- Iq-Sm-¯- H-¯n-cn- \n-Kq-V- c-lky-§-Ä- A-Xn-Â- H-fn-ªn-cn-¸p-ïv. Gsd {i-²tbmSpw-,
kq-£va-XtbmSpw- Iq-Sn- -ssIIm-cyw- -sN¿s¸-tSï-Xm-Wv
-sshZyp-Xn-. c-ïp-X-cw- -sshZyp-Xn-bm-Wv C-¶v e-`y-am-Ip-¶-Xv.
AC (Altranative current) DC (Directive current)
\-½-Ä- C-¶v ho-Sp-I-fn-Â- D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶-Xv AC B-Wv‑.
hm-l-\-§-Ä-, C-³shÀ-«-À- -t]mep-Å-h-bn-Â- D C D-]tb‑mKn¡p-¶p-.
I-dï
- n-sâ D-]tbmKw- \-½n-Â- ]-ec- pw- i-cn-bm-bn- a-\Ê
- n-em-¡nbn-«n-Ã.- I-dï
- v _n-Â- h-cpt¼mÄ- am-{X-am-Wv \‑mw- A-Xns\¡p-dn¨v Nn-´n-¡m-dp-ÅX
- v. a-\Ê
- n-Â- H-cp- Xo‑c- p-am-\w- F-Sp-¡pw- A-Sp¯- {]‑mh
- i
- yw- _n-Â- Xp-I- Ip-db
- v¡m-³- Rm-³- {i-an-¡pw- F-¶v.
F-¦n-epw- c-ïp- Zn-h-k¯n-\-¸p-dw- A-Xn-\v B-bp-Êpïm-In-Ã-. \-½-Ä- {]-h-À-¯n-¸n-¡p-¶- D-]-I-c-W-¯n-sâ
-thmÄ-«n-\v B-\p-]m-Xn-I-am-bn- do-Unw-Kv Iq-Spw-. -tam-t«mÀ-,
^m-³-, an-Ivkn- C-h-bpsS D-]tbmKw- {I-ao-I-cn-¨m-Â- H-cp-
^o-\n-Ivkv
"bp-h-À'- {^-ïvkv 94þ96 _m-¨v, -tNÀ-¯-e-
t]Pv 01
